Asian Art Outpost

Wisdom Wall Scroll

Wisdom Chinese & Japanese Calligraphy Wall Scrolls

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Quick links to words on this page...

  1. Wisdom
  2. Wisdom / Intelligence
  3. Wisdom from Hard Knocks
  4. Wisdom / Brilliance
  5. Wisdom comes from Experience
  6. Experience is the Mother of Wisdom
  7. Inner Beauty / Inner Wisdom
  8. Learn from Wisdom
  9. Power of Understanding and Wisdom
10. Each Time You Stumble & Fall,...
11. Intelligence / Intellect
12. Bodhi - Awakening Enlightenment
13. You May Learn from Victory,...
14. The Five Tenets of Confucius
15. Learning is Eternal
16. Example is Better than Precept
17. Failure Teaches Success
18. Failure is the Mother of Success
19. Knowledge
20. You May Learn from Victory,...
21. Open the Minds of the Next Generation...

Wisdom

(single character)

zhì
chi / tomo
智

This is the simplest way to write wisdom in Chinese, Korean Hanja and Japanese Kanji.
Being a single character, the wisdom meaning is open to interpretation, and can also mean intellect, knowledge or reason.

This character is also one of the five tenets of Confucius.

Beyond the title definitions, this also can mean, resourcefulness, or wit.

This character is sometimes included in the Bushido code, but usually not considered part of the seven key concepts of the code.

See our Wisdom in Chinese, Japanese and Korean page for more wisdom-related calligraphy.

See Also...  Learn From Wisdom | Confucius

Wisdom (Japanese)

zhī huì
chie
지혜
知
恵

The first Kanji represents "to know" or "to realize". Combined, these two Kanji mean "learn, know, and understand completely". Another way to translate this is "to know all things in their entirety".

Note: While vaguely understood in Chinese, this is only a real word in Japanese.

惠 Ancient Japanese/Korean version: This is also a word in old Korean Hanja, with a slight difference in the last character - if you want that version (which is also the ancient Japanese version) please click on the character to the right, instead of the button above.

Wisdom

(All-Knowing)

zhì huì
chie
지혜
智
慧

The first character means, "wise" or "smart" and the second character means "intelligence".

I have also seen these two characters translated together as knowledge, sagacity, sense, and intelligence.

Note: This word is used commonly in Chinese and is a less-common word in Japanese and Korean. If your audience is Japanese, I suggest our other Japanese wisdom option.

This means intellect or wisdom in Japanese too, but is a more unusual way to write this word (though both versions are pronounced the same in Japanese).

See Also...  Learn From Wisdom

Wisdom / Intelligence

huì
e / kei
慧

This single character can be translated as wisdom, but it has more of an "intelligent" flavor. This can also mean cleverness or wit.

Japanese note: This is understood in Japanese, but seldom seen as a lone Kanji.

See Also...  Knowledge | Learning | Read

Wisdom / Intelligence

xián míng
ken mei
현명
賢
明

This Japanese word refers to wisdom, intelligence, and prudence.

It was originally a Chinese word which refers to a wise person or enlightened ruler. It means wise and able, sagacious now in China.

Wisdom from Hard Knocks

ái yī quán dé yī zhāo ái shí quán biàn zhū gě
挨
十
拳
變
諸
葛
挨
一
拳
得
一
招

Characters shown
above are read
vertically, starting
from the right

This literally translates as: Receive on blow, [and one] learns a lesson; Receive ten blows, [and one] becomes a great Zhuge [Liang]. You must first understand that a man named Zhuge Liang was one of the great strategists and philosophers in Chinese history. He's known as a man of great wisdom.

Figuratively, this phrase means:
One can learn much from failure or "hard knocks".

Wisdom / Brilliance

cái zhì
sai chi
纔
智

In Chinese, this means "ability and wisdom" or "ability and intelligence".
It can also be defined as brilliance, or genius.

In Japanese, it takes on a meaning more of "wit and intelligence".

才智Note that the ancient/traditional form is shown above. After WWII, in both Japan and China, the first character was simplified. If you want this reformed/simplified version, just click on the characters to the right, instead of the button above. This is a good choice if your audience is Japanese.

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Wisdom comes from Experience

bù jīng yī shì bù zhǎng yī zhì
불경일사불장일지
不
長
一
智
不
經
一
事

Characters shown
above are read
vertically, starting
from the right

You can translate this a couple of ways.
The first is: You cannot gain knowledge without practice.
The second, and perhaps more popular way is: Wisdom comes from experience.

It literally means if you are inattentive to your affairs or situations you encounter, you will not gain or grow any wisdom or intellect.

Experience is the Mother of Wisdom

jīng yàn shì zhì huì zhī mǔ
慧
之
母
經
驗
是
智

Characters shown
above are read
vertically, starting
from the right

It's been said that wisdom comes from good judgment, and good judgment comes from experience, while experience comes from a series of times when you used bad judgment.

This Chinese proverb makes the simplest connection between experience and wisdom.

See Also...  Failure Is The Mother Of Success | Learn From Wisdom

Inner Beauty / Inner Wisdom

nèi xiù
內
秀

This is an interesting word in Chinese. It simultaneously means inner beauty and inner wisdom. Some will translate it as "intelligent but unassuming". Basically, it's about having unexpected ability or traits on the inside which are not immediately obvious on the outside.

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Learn from Wisdom

(When you see a wise person, try to be like them)

jiàn xián sī qí
견현사제
見
賢
思
齊

When you meet a wise person, you should learn from them and be inspired to become as wise as they are.

This is a pretty long phrase in English, but in Chinese it's only four characters.
However, in Chinese the deeper meaning often surpass the dictionary definition of each character.

In this case, you should seek wise people to learn from throughout your life...
Always try to learn enough to become equal to them. It also suggests that the process of learning and seeking wisdom is a non-ending cycle.

See Also...  Knowledge

Power of Understanding and Wisdom

wù xìng
gosei
오성
悟
性

This means the power of understanding and insight in Chinese. It is often associated with Neo-Confucianism. In that regard, it means to realize man's true nature or to find your soul, the soul of others, or the soul of the world. Some will translate this simply as the state of being "savvy".

In Japanese, this is often translated as wisdom and understanding.

Each Time You Stumble & Fall,
You Gain Experience & Wisdom

chī yí qiàn, zhǎng yí zhì
흘일참장일지
吃
一
塹
長
一
智

This Chinese proverb means:

"Fall into a moat and you will gain wisdom from the experience"

It really suggests that the failures, troubles, frustrations, and setbacks that you encounter in your life are actually helping you to find wisdom. Some would also translate this proverb as:

"Learn from your mistakes" or "Learn from your experience".

If you are studying Chinese, you will recognize the first character as "eat", but in this case, it means to "experience" (as used in this proverb, it is suggesting that you have fallen into a moat and/or had a hard time crossing it).
Literally translated character by character, this whole proverb is:

"Experience one moat, gain one wisdom/knowledge".

Note: This can be pronounced in Korean, but it's not a commonly-used phrase.

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Intelligence / Intellect

zhì néng
chinou
지능
智
能

These two characters mean intelligence or intelligent.

The first character means wisdom, intellect or knowledge.

The second means ability, talent, skill, capacity, capable, able, and can even mean competent.

Together, the compound word can mean "capacity for wisdom", "useful knowledge", or even "mental power". Obviously this translates more clearly into English as "intelligence".

Note: This is not the same word used to mean "military intelligence". See our other entry for that.

知In modern Japan, they tend to use a version of the first character without the bottom radical. If your audience for this artwork is Japanese, please click on the Kanji to the right instead of the button above.

Bodhi - Awakening Enlightenment

pú tí
bodai
보리
菩
提

The Bodhi is the moment of completion in Buddhism. It is when all things become known, and you have completed your journey to enlightenment.

The reference is to the Bodhi tree where Siddhartha Gautama (the legendary man and who established the Buddhist religion), achieved enlightenment. Sometimes this is referred to as "the tree of enlightenment", but if you want the full version with the character for tree on the end, please see our other entry.

See Also...  Buddhism | Buddha | Nirvana | Enlightenment

You May Learn from Victory,
You Will Learn from Failure

bǎi shèng nán lǜ dí
sān zhé nǎi liáng yī

三
折
乃
良
醫
百
勝
難
慮
敵

Characters shown
above are read
vertically, starting
from the right

This literally translates as: [Even a general who has won a] hundred victories [may be] hard put to see through the enemy's [strategy], [but one who has] broken [his] arm three [times] [will] be a good doctor.

Figuratively, this means: One cannot always depend on past successes to guarantee future success, but one can always learn from lessons drawn from failure.

See Also...  Failure - Mother Of Success | Experience - Mother Of Success | Fall Down 7 Times Get Up 8 | Hard Knocks

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The Five Tenets of Confucius

Also known as the Five Cardinal Rules of Confucius

rén yì lǐ zhì xìn
인의예지신
仁
義
禮
智
信

These are the core of Confucius philosophy. Simply stated they are:
benevolence / charity
justice / rectitude
politeness / tact
wisdom / knowledge
fidelity / trust

Many of these concepts can be found in various religious teachings. Though it should be clearly understood that Confucianism is not a religion, but should instead be considered a moral code for a proper and civilized society.

See Also...  Confucius Teachings | Ethics

Learning is Eternal

xué wú zhǐ jìng
학무지경
學
無
止
境

This Chinese philosophy tells of how we continue to learn throughout our lives. It can be translated in a few ways such as "Study has no end", "Knowledge is infinite", "No end to learning", "There's always something new to study", or "You live and learn".

The deeper meaning: Even when we finish school we are still students of the world gaining more knowledge from our surroundings with each passing day.

See Also...  An Open Book Benefits Your Mind | Learn From Wisdom

Example is Better than Precept

shēn jiào shèng yú yán jiào
於
言
教
身
教
勝

Characters shown
above are read
vertically, starting
from the right

Tell somebody how to do something and they might get it.
Show them how to do it and they will master it in no time.

This can also be translated as "Behavior teaches more than words".

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Failure Teaches Success

shi ppai ha sei kou no mo to
功
の
も
と
失
敗
は
成

Characters shown
above are read
vertically, starting
from the right

This Japanese proverb means "Failure is base of success" or "Every failure is a stepping stone to success".

The basic idea is that you must learn what does not work (though failure) before you can discover what does work.

Virtually every successful person has many failures in their history. Ask them and most will tell you that they learned more from their failures than their successes.

See Also...  Wisdom From Hard Knocks

Failure is the Mother of Success

shī bài shì chéng gōng zhī mǔ
실패시성공지모
功
之
母
失
敗
是
成

Characters shown
above are read
vertically, starting
from the right

This means exactly what you think.

Every failure that you experience is a chance to learn from it and find success.

Knowing what does not work is just as important as finding out what does work.

See Also...  Experience Is The Mother Of Wisdom

Knowledge

zhī shi
chishiki
지식
知
識

The first character represents "to know" or "to realize". The second character alone refers to the ability to "recognize", or "realize" and can also be used to mean "knowing". Combined, these two characters have the very strong meaning of "knowledge" and in some context, "learning".

See Also...   Learn From Wisdom

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You May Learn from Victory,
You Will Learn from Failure

katte erumono mo areba
makete erumono mo aru

得
る
も
の
も
有
る
も
有
れ
ば
負
け
て
勝
っ
て
得
る
も
の

Characters shown
above are read
vertically, starting
from the right

You may learn when everything goes right, but the lessons learned when everything goes wrong are more vivid and lead to long-lasting wisdom.

Another way to look at this: One cannot always depend on past successes to guarantee future success, but one can always learn from lessons drawn from failure.

Open the Minds of the Next Generation
To Stimulate Thinking

qǐ dí
啟
迪

This word is often used to describe the idea of opening the minds of the young or the new generation.

See Also...  Learning Is Eternal | Learn From Wisdom




You should look at these ready-to-ship pieces of artwork:

Meeting of the Minds - Wall Scroll

Meeting of the Minds
Wall Scroll

This large wall scroll depicts men of simple appearance, but of great wisdom sharing tea and philosophy.

Your Price: $98.88 

Euro €75.82 
CAD $98.71 

GBP £62.78 
AUD $92.44 



MORE INFO 

Meeting of the Minds - Ancient Style Painting

Meeting of the Minds
Ancient Style Painting

This large painting depicts men of simple appearance, but of great wisdom sharing tea and philosophy.

Typical Gallery Price: $200.00

Your Price: $88.88 

Euro €68.15 
CAD $88.72 

GBP £56.43 
AUD $83.09 



MORE INFO 

Three Men Share Wisdom / Knowledge - Chinese Philosophy Art

Three Men Share Wisdom / Knowledge
Chinese Philosophy Art

This Chinese philosophy teaches: "One is the teacher the others, the students". Illustrating the circle of knowledge.

Typical Gallery Price: $50.00

Your Price: $24.95 

Euro €19.13 
CAD $24.91 

GBP £15.84 
AUD $23.32 



MORE INFO 

Don't Tell Secrets to a Parrot - Chinese Story Art

Don't Tell Secrets to a Parrot
Chinese Story Art

This ancient Chinese joke is full of timeless wisdom.

Typical Gallery Price: $50.00

Your Price: $24.95 

Euro €19.13 
CAD $24.91 

GBP £15.84 
AUD $23.32 



MORE INFO 

WISDOM Chinese / Japanese Kanji Painting

WISDOM Chinese / Japanese Kanji Painting

This character is about wisdom and intelligence.

Typical Gallery Price: $40.00

Your Price: $16.88 

Euro €12.94 
CAD $16.85 

GBP £10.72 
AUD $15.78 



MORE INFO 

WISDOM Chinese / Japanese Kanji Wall Scroll

WISDOM Chinese / Japanese Kanji Wall Scroll

This character is about wisdom and intelligence.

Typical Gallery Price: $70.00

Your Price: $32.88 

Euro €25.21 
CAD $32.82 

GBP £20.88 
AUD $30.74 



MORE INFO 

Three Men Share Wisdom & Knowledge - Chinese Philosophy Art

Three Men Share Wisdom & Knowledge
Chinese Philosophy Art

Discounted
Reason for discount: Minor red signature stamp ghost.

Typical Gallery Price: $20.00

Your Price: $10.00 

Euro €7.67 
CAD $9.98 

GBP £6.35 
AUD $9.35 



MORE INFO 

Three Men Share Wisdom & Knowledge - Chinese Philosophy Art

Three Men Share Wisdom & Knowledge
Chinese Philosophy Art

Discounted
Reason for discount: Minor paper flaw and a few minor issues.

Typical Gallery Price: $20.00

Your Price: $10.00 

Euro €7.67 
CAD $9.98 

GBP £6.35 
AUD $9.35 



MORE INFO 

Three Men Share Wisdom & Knowledge - Chinese Philosophy Art

Three Men Share Wisdom & Knowledge
Chinese Philosophy Art

Discounted
Reason for discount: Minor paper flaw.

Typical Gallery Price: $20.00

Your Price: $10.00 

Euro €7.67 
CAD $9.98 

GBP £6.35 
AUD $9.35 



MORE INFO 

Don't Tell Secrets to a Parrot - Chinese Story Art

Don't Tell Secrets to a Parrot
Chinese Story Art

This ancient Chinese joke is full of timeless wisdom.

Typical Gallery Price: $50.00

Your Price: $24.95 

Euro €19.13 
CAD $24.91 

GBP £15.84 
AUD $23.32 



MORE INFO 

Don't Tell Secrets to a Parrot - Chinese Story Art

Don't Tell Secrets to a Parrot
Chinese Story Art

This ancient Chinese joke is full of timeless wisdom.

Typical Gallery Price: $50.00

Your Price: $24.95 

Euro €19.13 
CAD $24.91 

GBP £15.84 
AUD $23.32 



MORE INFO 

Wisdom Listens to Snow Watercolor Painting

Wisdom Listens to Snow Watercolor Painting

Snowy mountains shadow a lake behind the cranes in this painting with an interesting title.

Typical Gallery Price: $120.00

Your Price: $38.88 

Euro €29.81 
CAD $38.81 

GBP £24.69 
AUD $36.35 



MORE INFO 

Wisdom Listens to Snow Watercolor Painting

Wisdom Listens to Snow Watercolor Painting

Price Reduced!!!
Snowy mountains shadow a lake behind the cranes in this painting with an interesting title.

Typical Gallery Price: $70.00

Your Price: $32.88 

Euro €25.21 
CAD $32.82 

GBP £20.88 
AUD $30.74 



MORE INFO 

Three Men Share Wisdom & Knowledge - Chinese Philosophy Art

Three Men Share Wisdom & Knowledge
Chinese Philosophy Art

Discount Asian Art
A minor paper flaw has caused me to drastically discount this painting.

Typical Gallery Price: $20.00

Your Price: $10.00 

Euro €7.67 
CAD $9.98 

GBP £6.35 
AUD $9.35 



MORE INFO 

Three Men Share Wisdom & Knowledge - Chinese Philosophy Art

Three Men Share Wisdom & Knowledge
Chinese Philosophy Art

Discount Asian Art
Minor spots in the painting have caused me to drastically discount this artwork.

Typical Gallery Price: $20.00

Your Price: $10.00 

Euro €7.67 
CAD $9.98 

GBP £6.35 
AUD $9.35 



MORE INFO 


A nice Chinese calligraphy wall scroll

The scroll that I am holding in this picture is a "medium size"
4-character wall scroll.
As you can see, it is a great size to hang on your wall.
(We also offer custom wall scrolls in larger sizes)

A professional Chinese Calligrapher

Professional calligraphers are getting to be hard to find these days.
Instead of drawing characters by hand, the new generation in China merely type roman letters into their computer keyboards and pick the character that they want from a list that pops up.

There is some fear that true Chinese calligraphy may become a lost art in the coming years. Many art institutes in China are now promoting calligraphy programs in hopes of keeping this unique form of art alive.

Trying to learn Chinese calligrapher - a futile effort

Even with the teachings of a top-ranked calligrapher in China, my calligraphy will never be good enough to sell. I will leave that to the experts.


A high-ranked Chinese master calligrapher that I met in Zhongwei

The same calligrapher who gave me those lessons also attracted a crowd of thousands and a TV crew as he created characters over 6-feet high. He happens to be ranked as one of the top 100 calligraphers in all of China. He is also one of very few that would actually attempt such a feat.



See: Our list of specifically Japanese Kanji Calligraphy Wall Scrolls. And, check out Our list of specifically old Korean Hanja Calligraphy Wall Scrolls.

The following table is only helpful for those studying Chinese (or Japanese), and perhaps helps search engines to find this page when someone enters Romanized Chinese or Japanese

TitleCharacters
Simplified
Traditional
Japanese Romaji
(Romanized Japanese)
Various forms of Romanized Chinese
Wisdom
chi / tomo
chi/tomo
zhì
zhi
chih
zhi4
zhi
Wisdom (Japanese)知恵
知惠
chiezhī huì
zhi hui
chih hui
zhi1 hui4
zhihui
Wisdom智慧
智慧
chiezhì huì
zhi hui
chih hui
zhi4 hui4
zhihui
Wisdom / Intelligence
e / kei
e/kei
huì
hui
hui4
hui
Wisdom / Intelligence贤明
賢明
ken mei
kenmei
xián míng
xian ming
hsien ming
xian2 ming2
xianming
Wisdom from Hard Knocks挨一拳得一招挨十拳变诸葛
挨一拳得一招挨十拳變諸葛
n/aái yī quán dé yī zhāo ái shí quán biàn zhū gě
ai yi quan de yi zhao ai shi quan bian zhu ge
ai i ch`üan te i chao ai shih ch`üan pien chu ko
ai2 yi1 quan2 de2 yi1 zhao1 ai2 shi2 quan2 bian4 zhu1 ge3
ai i chüan te i chao ai shih chüan pien chu ko
Wisdom / Brilliance才智
纔智
sai chi
saichi
cái zhì
cai zhi
ts`ai chih
cai2 zhi4
caizhi
tsaichih
tsai chih
Wisdom comes from Experience不经一事不长一智
不經一事不長一智
n/abù jīng yī shì bù zhǎng yī zhì
bu jing yi shi bu zhang yi zhi
pu ching i shih pu chang i chih
bu4 jing1 yi1 shi4 bu4 zhang3 yi1 zhi4
bujingyishibuzhangyizhi
Experience is the Mother of Wisdom经验是智慧之母
經驗是智慧之母
n/ajīng yàn shì zhì huì zhī mǔ
jing yan shi zhi hui zhi mu
ching yen shih chih hui chih mu
jing1 yan4 shi4 zhi4 hui4 zhi1 mu3
jingyanshizhihuizhimu
Inner Beauty / Inner Wisdom内秀
內秀
n/anèi xiù
nei xiu
nei hsiu
nei4 xiu4
neixiu
Learn from Wisdom见贤思齐
見賢思齊
n/ajiàn xián sī qí
jian xian si qi
chien hsien ssu ch`i
jian4 xian2 si1 qi2
jianxiansiqi
chienhsienssuchi
chien hsien ssu chi
Power of Understanding and Wisdom悟性
悟性
goseiwù xìng
wu xing
wu hsing
wu4 xing4
wuxing
Each Time You Stumble & Fall, You Gain Experience & Wisdom吃一堑长一智
吃一塹長一智
n/achī yí qiàn, zhǎng yí zhì
chi yi qian zhang yi zhi
ch`ih i ch`ien chang i chih
chi1 yi2 qian4 zhang3 yi2 zhi4
chiyiqianzhangyizhi
chihichienchangichih
chih i chien chang i chih
Intelligence / Intellect智能
智能 / 知能
chinou
chino
zhì néng
zhi neng
chih neng
zhi4 neng2
zhineng
Bodhi - Awakening Enlightenment菩提
菩提
bodaipú tí
pu ti
p`u t`i
pu2 ti2
puti
puti
pu ti
You May Learn from Victory, You Will Learn from Failure百胜难虑敌三折乃良医
百勝難慮敵三折乃良醫
n/abǎi shèng nán lǜ dí sān zhé nǎi liáng yī
bai sheng nan lv di san zhe nai liang yi
pai sheng nan lü ti san che nai liang i
bai3 sheng4 nan2 lv4 di2 san1 zhe2 nai3 liang2 yi1
The Five Tenets of Confucius仁义礼智信
仁義禮智信
n/arén yì lǐ zhì xìn
ren yi li zhi xin
jen i li chih hsin
ren2 yi4 li3 zhi4 xin4
renyilizhixin
Learning is Eternal学无止境
學無止境
n/axué wú zhǐ jìng
xue wu zhi jing
hsüeh wu chih ching
xue2 wu2 zhi3 jing4
xuewuzhijing
Example is Better than Precept身教胜于言教
身教勝於言教
n/ashēn jiào shèng yú yán jiào
shen jiao sheng yu yan jiao
shen chiao sheng yü yen chiao
shen1 jiao4 sheng4 yu2 yan2 jiao1
shenjiaoshengyuyanjiao
Failure Teaches Success失敗は成功のもと
失敗は成功のもと
shi ppai ha sei kou no mo to
shippaihaseikounomoto
shi pai ha sei ko no mo to
n/a
Failure is the Mother of Success失败是成功之母
失敗是成功之母
n/ashī bài shì chéng gōng zhī mǔ
shi bai shi cheng gong zhi mu
shih pai shih ch`eng kung chih mu
shi1 bai4 shi4 cheng2 gong1 zhi1 mu3
shibaishichenggongzhimu
shih pai shih cheng kung chih mu
Knowledge知识
知識
chishikizhī shi
zhi shi
chih shih
zhi1 shi
zhishi
You May Learn from Victory, You Will Learn from Failure勝って得るものも有れば負けて得るものも有る
勝って得るものも有れば負けて得るものも有る
katte erumono mo areba
makete erumono mo aru
katteerumonomoareba
maketeerumonomoaru
n/a
Open the Minds of the Next Generation
To Stimulate Thinking
启迪
啟迪
n/aqǐ dí
qi di
ch`i ti
qi3 di2
qidi
chiti
chi ti

If you have not set up your computer to display Chinese, the characters in this table probably look like empty boxes or random text garbage.
This is why I spent hundreds of hours making images so that you could view the characters in the "wisdom" listings above.
If you want your Windows computer to be able to display Chinese characters you can either head to your Regional and Language options in your Win XP control panel, select the [Languages] tab and click on [Install files for East Asian Languages]. This task will ask for your Win XP CD to complete in most cases. If you don't have your Windows XP CD, or are running Windows 98, you can also download/run the simplified Chinese font package installer from Microsoft which works independently with Win 98, ME, 2000, and XP. It's a 2.5MB download, so if you are on dial up, start the download and go make a sandwich.

Some people may refer to this entry as Kanji, Characters, in Mandarin Chinese, Characters, in Chinese Writing, in Japanese Writing, in Asian Writing, Ideograms, Chinese symbols, Hieroglyphics, Glyphs, in Chinese Letters, Hanzi, in Japanese Kanji, Pictograms, in the Chinese Written-Language, or in the Japanese Written-Language.







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